New Technology

  Types of Communication:                                          There are two types of communication that can be used in data transmission. Wire-based communication:                                                                          A types of communication in which data is transmitted from one devices to another using physical transmission medium is called wire-based communication. Different physical media are twisted pair cable , coaxial and fiber optic. It requires installation of cables and connecting different devices with the cables.                                           ...

    Data communication:                                            Data communication is a process of transferring data electronically from one place to another. Data can be transferred by using different media. Data is a collection of raw facts and figures. It may consist of text , graphics and sound etc. An electromagnetic or light wave used to transmit data from one place to another is called a signal. Propagation of signals across a communication medium is called signaling. Communication of data from one place to another place in the from of signals is called transmission.    Basic Elements of  data communication:                                                                     ...

  Utility programs:                                               A utility program is a types of system software that is used for effective management of computer system. The user can use utility program to perform maintenance tasks related to different devices and programs. The utility programs keep the computer system running smoothly. Most operating system include different built in utility programs. The user can also buy stand-alone utility programs.                                              Utility programs   Types of Utility programs:                                                    Different types of utility pr...

  Types of operating system based on interface                                                                             Different types of operating system on basis of user interface are as follows:      Command line interface:                                                                                          A  types of user interface in which the user communication with operating system by typing commands with keyboard is called command line interface. The command line interface  difficult because the user has to remember commands....

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Types of Operating system based on number of user:                                                                                           The operating system can be classified on the basis of the number of user they can manage at a time. The classification of operating system is as follows:    Single user operating system:                                                                     Single user operating system is a types of operating system that allows only one user to user to use the computer at a time. The single user operating system can be divided into two types. Single use...

  Categories of operating system:                                                                  Different categories of operating system are as follows: Stand-alone Operating systems Server Operating system Mobile Operating system  Stand-alone Operating system:                                                       An operating system that works on a desktop or notebook  computer is called stand-alone operating system. Some standalone operating system that work with server operating system are called client operating system. a client operating system can work with or without a network. some standalone operating system include network capabilities to s...

  Objectives of Operating system:                                                                           Different objectives of operating system are as follows:         Convenience:                                        The primary objectives of an operating system is to provide convenience for the user. It allows the user to perform different tasks easily. It helps the  user to run software for solving the problems  conveniently. It also allows the programmers to develop software in a convenient environment. Efficiency:                         An operating system manages computer resources in such way ...

      operating system:                                     An operating system is a set of programs that manages all computer components and operations. It is the most important software that runs on a computer. A computer cannot do anything's without an operating system. It must be installed on every computer. It acts interface between the computer user and hardware. The user interacts with the computer through operating system.     Example:                       some example of operating system are as follows: Microsoft windows Linux Unix  Mac OS Utility Programs:                                 A utility programs is a type of system software that is used for effective management of computer system. The user can use utility program t...

   Master Boot Record:                                     a hard disk must have a consistent starting point where key information is stored about the disk .The information  includes the number of partitions and their types. Another place is required where BLOS can load initial  boot program that starts the process of loading the operating system. The place where this information is stored is called master boot record.. It is also known as master boot sector.                           The master boot record is always located at cylinder 0 head 0 and sector 1. This is the consistent starting point that is used by the disk. When a computer starts and BLOS boot the computer . it will always look at the first sector for instructions for proceeding the boot process and loading the  operatin...

       File System:                               A file System is the underlying structure used by the computer to organize data on a hard disk or partition. Computer use particular kinds of file systems to store and organize data on the media  such as a hard drive CDs and DVDs etc. The file system  determines the partition size cluster size maximum drive size and the maximum file size.               FAT:                                              FAT stands for file  Allocation Table. The file allocation table is used by the  operating system to locate file on a disk. A file may be divided into many sections and scattered system around the disk due to fragmentation. FAT keeps track of all piece of a file....

 Disk partition:                                               The process of  partitioning a hard drive is used to divide the physical capacity of a hard drive into separate logical area known as partitions or volume. The  partitions work   as independent hard drive and also known as logical drive. each partition is labeled and treated separately such as C drive and D drive although they are physically one drive.                  One or more partitions are created  when a hard drive is first formatted. For example, many personal computers come with two partitions. the C drive partition is used for programs and data and D drive  partitions set up as recovery partition. A recovery partition   contains the data to  restore a hard drive back to its initial state in case the system  crash...

        Disk Controllers:                                                                A disk controller consists of a chip and electronic circuits. It controls the transfer of data instructions and information between disk and  system bus as well as other components of the computer. A disk controller for hard disk is called hard disk controllers. It can be part of a hard disk or motherboard.         EIDE:                                                It stands for Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics . It uses parallel signal to transfer data instruction and information . The data transfer rate of these interfaces is up to 133 Mbps.     ...

Magnetic tape system:                                                            Magnetic Tape system consists of plastic tape coated with a magnetic substance. The magnetic tape is not used for everyday storage applications because of its sequential-access method. it is still used for business data archiving and backup. Most computer tapes today are in the from of cartridge tapes:                                                          Magnetic Tape System  Computer tapes are read by tape drive and can be an internal or an external place of hardware. Tape drive contain one or more read\write heads over which the tape passes and the tape. Tape cartridge capacity varies widely from 500 MB to...

       Floppy Disk or Diskette:                                                   Floppy Disk is also called diskette. It consists of a thin plastic disk coated with magnetics material. This disk is enclosed in a plastic jacket. It was introduced by IBM in early  1970s. It is a portable storage medium and can be removed from one computer and inserted into another computer easily. It is not commonly used now a days.         Floppy disk can only store a small amount of data. Data access speed of floppy disks is slower than hard disk. It is inexpensive storage media.                                                      part of  floppy disk       The standard of size of f...