New Technology

Audio input  Device                                      The process of  entering  any  sound  into  the  computer  is   called   input. It may  include  speech  music  or  any   other  sound  effects. Audio  can be  entered through different devices such as microphone tape plyers CD/ DVD plyer or radio. A sound card is required to enter high-quality sound into a personal computer.  Microphone                           microphone is an input device to digital record audio data such as human voice. it can be plugged into a computer a recorder. Many software applications can accept data with microphone. The software in the computer converts the sound waves into the digital form. it is than stored in memory an...

  Pen Input:                       The mobile users usually input data and instruction using a device like a pen. The user can write and draw on a flat surface to give input. The pen input is normally used with touch screen.  Stylus               A stylus is small input device that is similar to a Pen. it can be used to write draw and select the objects on the touch screen that supports pen input. The pad is attached to the device. The stylus is used in many smart phone and other personal mobile devices.  Digital Pen                        A digital pen is an input device that captures handwriting or drawing and converts it into digital format. it is large than a stylus. The handwriting recognition software is used to translate handwritten letters and symbols into types text. it is commonly used to take notes.  Graphic ...

  Trackball:                        A trackball can be used as an alternative to a mouse. This device has buttons similar to those on mouse. it has a large rotating on the ball. The position of the cursor on the screen is controlled by rotating the ball.                              An advantage of the trackball is that is it takes less space than mouse. Trackball is often includes in laptop computer. it can also be used as separated input device with desktop computer. Touchpad / Trackpad:                                               A touchpad is a small flat surface over which the user moves his finger. The movement of the finger moves in the cursor on the screen. A touchpad are commonly used with notebook computers. The user can als...

  Pointing devices                                     An information used to control a pointer on the screen is called pointing gadgets. A pointer is little image that shows up on the screen in graphical UI. A pointing gadget can be utilized to choose text illustrations and other item, for example, button symbol menu orders. Mouse:                  Mouse is a well known pointing gadget. contributing directions with a pointer on the screen is utilized. Mouse is continued on a level surface to control the development of the cursor or pointer in the screen. it might likewise incorporate a wheel undertakings, for example, determination an article or opening project and so on. Mouse normally associates with the PC through USB port or remote association. Sorts of Mouse :                         ...

  Types of Keyboard                                          Different types of keyboard are as follows;     QWERTY Keyboard                                                      A standard keyboard is normally called QWERTY Keyboard. This is because the first six  keys on top row of letter on these keyboard are Q/ W/ E/R/T/Y. Enhanced Keyboard                                               An enhanced keyboard contains twelve function keys. it contains two control keys, two ALT keys , arrow keys and additional keys between the typing and numeric keypad.   Wireless Keyboard           ...

  Factors  Affecting Speed:                                                      The important factors that affect that processing speed of a computer are as follows: Registers:                        Register is a small, high-speed memory inside a CPU. CPU contains a number of registers. Register store data and instructions while the CPU processes them. The size of the register determines the amount of data with which the computer can work at one time. It is also called word size.      The size of registers is in bytes. A register can be of one, two, four or eight bytes. Computer with 32-bit registers means the CPU can process four bytes of data at one time. A bigger size of register increases the performance of the computer. RAM:           ...

Bays:               Bays is an open area inside the system unit install additional equipment such as storage devices. Some bays are rectangular opening to hold disk drives whereas some bays hold card readers and ports such as USB and Fire Wire etc. Bays are also called drive bays. External and Exposed Drive Bay:                                                                           External and Exposed Drive bay is used to drive from outside the system unit. Some examples of external drive bays are flash memory card reads , CD drive and DVD drive.  Internal or Hidden Drive Bay:                                                      ...

  Expansion Bus                            The buses that connect CPU  to the peripheral device are called expansion buses are typically 16to 64 bits wide and are mounted on motherboard. these buses connect CPU to expansion slot on motherboard to which external devices may be connected. The expansion bus allows the processor the communicate which peripheral devices to the attached to the card. Expansion buses provide faster transfer speeds and wider bit widths for higher data transfer rates to the many peripheral devices. The common expansion buses include PCI and PCI Express (PCIe) buses, Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Fire Wire.  PCI Bus:                     PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. PCI bus has been one of  the most common type of expansion buses in past years. PCI was originally developed to meet video demands of  gr...

Buses:                                A bus is an electrical path inside the computer system to transfer the data and information form one part to othe r part. All devices are contented together buses. It allows the CPU to communication with all devices.                                     The capacity of a bus depends on the number of data lines in it. The amount of data that a bus can carry at one time is called bus width. For examples a bus with 32 lines can carry 32 bits or 4 bytes at a times. A bus with 64 lines can carry 64 bits or 8 bytes at a time.                                           The speed at which data moves form one component to another component of the computer is called bus speed. It ...

 Other Ports:                           Some other ports are as follow; MIDI Port:                           MIDI stands for musical instrument digital interface. MIDI port connects system unit to a musical instrument like electronic piano keyboard. A system unit with MIDI port can records sounds created by a synthesizer, and than process these sounds. Synthesizer is a peripheral or chip that created sound form digital instructions.  SCSI Port:                        SCSI stands for small computer system interface. it is a special high- speed parallel port to attach SCSI peripheral devices like disk drives and printers.  IrDA Port :                        IrDA  Stands for infrared Data Associations . it is also calle...

             Universal Serial Bus ports:                                                         USB is the most common types of port to connect devices to a computer. It is used to connect different devices such as keyboard , mouse , digital camera, scanner and printer, and USB flash drive etc. It can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices. USB  ports can be used as a power supply for different devices like smartphone and tablets etc. Most laptop and desktop computers normally come with at least two ports.       USB ports support hot swapping and plug-and-play (PnP). Hot swapping is the ability to connect and disconnect devices shutting down the computer. Plug-and-play enables a  computer to automatically detect and configure a device when it is connected to the comp...

 Ports:             A port is an interface or connection point through which peripheral devices connect to the computer . A peripheral devices is a component such as monitor or keyboard that connect to the computer. A computer has different types of port to connect different devices. Each types of port operates at a certain speed. The speed can be measured in kilobits per second (kbps) ' megabits per second (Mbps) ' or gigabits per second (Gbps).         Port use different types of connect . a connector joins the cabal to a port. The connector at the end of a cabal is attached to the port . The connector at the other end of cabal is attached a port on the peripheral devices.         Types of port:                        Different types of ports are as follows:         Serial ports;             ...

Express card and USB adapters:                                                                                   Express card and USB Adapters are smaller than expansion cards. These are used by mobile computer. The user can plug into the slots or ports of outside of the system unit.             Express Card module can be inserted into Express Card  slot on a computer or mobile device. Express Card modules and express Card slots are available in two widths of 34 mm and 54 mm known as Express Card/34 and express Card/54 respectively. Express Card /34 module can be used in both Express Card/54 module can only be used with Express Card/54 slots.    The USB adapter can be inserted into USB port on a computer or mobile device. It can be used...

Different between PROM and EPROM:                       The difference between PROM and EPROM is as follow;  PROM PROM is a programmable memory. The user can write instruction on PROM only once.  The instruction written by the user cannot be erased form PROM. If there is an error while writing on PROM it becomes unusable. It provides less usability as instruction are written only once.. EPROM EPROM is electronically programmable memory. The user can write instructions on EPROM many times. The instructions written by the user can be erased form EPROM.  If there is an error while writing on EPROM it can still be used again.  It provides more usability as instructions are written many times. Cache Memory                          A cache (pronounced "cash" ) is a small and very fast memory. it is designed to speed up the transfer of data and instruction...

  Read Only Memory:                                            ROM stands for read only memory. The instruction in ROM the computer for use. These instruction can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. it is not possible to write information or instruction into the ROM.         ROM stored data and instructions permanently. Therefore ROM is called non-volatile memory. The information in ROM is stored by the manufacturer. ROM contains a small set of instructions called ROM BIOS. BIOS stands for basic input, output system.    Types of  ROM:                                Different types of ROM are as follow: PROM:                 PROM  stands for programmable read only memory. The user or manufacturer can write...

Interaction Between CPU and RAM:                                                                                        RAM and CPU are both placed on the motherboard. RAM is a temporary memory that stores data and instructions for CPU. The CPU takes data and instructions from RAM when required. CPU also places processed data in RAM. The interaction between CPU and RAM takes place every time an instruction is executed. This interaction takes place with the help of computer buses.        RAM is connected to CPU through data bus, control bus and address bus. It is collectively known as system bus. The system bus consists of electrical paths to transfer information between CPU and RAM.     The following steps are performed when CPU wants to rea...

Difference Between SRAM and DRAM :                                                                                        The difference between SRAM and DRAM is as follows: SRAM:             1. It is faster than DRAM.              2.IT is more expensive.             3.It does not need to be power refreshed.             4.It utilize less power.             5.It holds data identified as long as the computer is turned on.            6.It is more complex and less compact. DRAM;             1.  It is slower than SRAM.            ...

Memory :                    Memory is an area of a computer that stored data and instruction to be accessed by processors as well as the result of processing. it consists of one more chips on motherboard or some other circuit boards in the computer.   Structure of Main Memory                  The main memory of a computer consists of thousands or million of cells of storage location. Each cell can store a bit. One bit can represents 0 or 1.Bit  stands for binary digit. The ,memory cells are logically cell organized into groups of 8 bits knows as byte.  Each byte in the memory has unique number assigned to it .The number is knows as the address of that byte. The number shows the byte number assigned to a byte.  it is also known as the address of the byte.  Accessing Data in Main Memory:                       ...

  Benchmarking:                           Benchmarking is  a technique used to test the overall speed of a microprocessor. The result of these tests are known as benchmarks. The result of benchmarking are usually available on the web and published on computer magazine articles. Benchmarking can provide comparison information for selecting and configuring computer system.        Windows 7 and 8 offer a set of benchmarks called Windows Experience Index. It checks a computer s overall performance, and the performance of components such as its processor, memory, graphics and storage system. Data Representation:                                     Computer is an electronic device that works with digital signals ON and OFF. The digit 0 represents OFF and 1 represent ON. computer work in binary system. This syst...

Coprocessor:                              A coprocessor is  a special additional processor chip that helps main processor to perform specific tasks. the use of coprocessor increases the performed of a computer. A type of coprocessor is known as floating-point coprocessor or math coprocessor. scientific and graphic application. coprocessor were first seen on ,mainframe computers, most of the computer used today also have coprocessor.  Parallel Processing:                                                  A method that uses multiple processors or multi-core processors to speed up processing is called parallel processing. theses processors work simultaneously to complete a program. it increase the performance of the computer system.  parallel processing divides task into multiple...