Data Processing Instructions

 Data processing Instructions:

                                                                   The data processing Instructions are used to perform arithmetic and logical calculations data. The calculations are performed on the values of the registers. The result of also stored in register.

            Different types of data processing instructions are as follows:

Arithmetic Instructions:

                                                   These instructions are used to perform different arithmetic operations on data. ADD instruction, MUL for multiplication and DIV for division.

Logical Instructions:

                                                   These instructions are used to perform logical operations on data . These instructions include AND,OR and NOT etc.

Shift Instructions:

                                         These instructions are used to transfer bits of and operation from left to right or right to left. 

Program Control Instruction:

                                                               The program control instructions are are used to control the execution of different instructions in a program. They can be used to change the order in which instructions are executed. Some examples of  program control instructions are as follows:

JMP (jump):

                           It is used to move control from one place to other in a program.

LOOP:

               It is used to execution a statement or set of  statements repeatedly for a number of times.

System Clock:

                               System clock is an electronic component. It generates electric signals at a speed. Its controls all functions of the computer using clock ticks. These ticks of system clock are known as clock cycle and set the speed of CPU. Computer clock can tick from millions to billions times in one second.

The speed at which the CPU execution instructions is called clock speed or clock rate. Processor speed is measured is MHz and GHz. A Hertz means machine cycles per second. Megahertz (MHz) is a million of cycles per second. Gigahertz (GHz) means a billion machine cycles per second.

The power of CPU is determined by the speed at which it processes data. System clock is one of the major factors that effect a computer speed. A CPU that has a higher clock speed can process more instructions per second than a CPU with a lower clock speed.

MIPS and FLOPS:

                                         The speed of workstation and some server computer is measured in MIPS. MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second. Workstations perform at 100 MIPS or more. Mainframe perform at 200-1,200 MIPS. MIPS is also applied to PCs. Computes can operate up to several thousand MIPS.

Supercomputer processing speed is measured in flops. FLOPS stands for floating point operations per second. Supercomputer applications are often scientific and frequently perform floating point operations.

Types of CPU architectures:

                                                              Two types of CPU architectures are as follows:

CISC Architectures:

                                             CISC stands for complex instruction set computing. It is the traditional types of CPU architecture that supports a large number of instructions. It execution complex instruction more quickly. It uses more complex circuits to decode the instruction. 

CISC is a complex architecture due to the instruction used at hardware level. Intel s 486 and Pentium series examples of CISC processors.

RISC Architecture:

                                         RISC stands for reduced instruction set computing. It only contains the most frequently used instructions. It executes simple instructions more quickly than CISC CPU. It completes most of the instructions in one machine cycle. It allows the processor handle several instructions at the same time.

     RISC architecture uses less power. It can be developed is less time because its design is simple as compared to a CISC processor. Some examples of RISC processors are IBM PowerPC, Sun SPARC and tablet PCs.

                different between CISC and RISC processors:

                     coming soon............